What are the two reproductive modes used to produce coral larvae?

The two reproductive modes used to produce coral larvae are broadcast spawning and brooding.

Broadcast spawning is a process where corals release their gametes (sperm and eggs) simultaneously into the water column, usually during specific times of the year. This method allows for a large number of gametes to be released, increasing the chances of fertilization as eggs and sperm mix in the water. It is commonly observed in many species of corals and is one of the most prolific reproductive strategies, especially in hermaphroditic species.

On the other hand, brooding refers to a mode of reproduction where fertilization occurs internally, and the developing larvae are retained within the parent's tissues for some time before being released. This strategy can provide a higher survival rate for the young larvae, as they are released when conditions are more favorable, and it allows for greater parental investment.

Understanding these two reproductive strategies is critical in coral ecology and restoration efforts, as it influences recruitment and population dynamics within coral communities. Other options discussed do involve various aspects of coral reproduction, but they do not specifically capture the two primary methods for producing larvae in corals as effectively as broadcast spawning and brooding.